Contemporary Moral Problems And Issues Philosophy Essay

Contemporary Moral Problems And Issues Philosophy Essay As Glaucon reviews the legend of Gyges he said that, a Shepherd found an incredible enchantment ring in a gap opened by a tremor. On the off chance that the ring was worn, the individual will get imperceptible and would ready to travel anyplace and do anything undetected. In any case, he utilized the ring for abhorrent, to get what he needs and fulfillment. There are two sorts of ring, the prudence and rouge. In the story the profound quality that has been brought up in the story was tied in with being eager on the force that he has. This force made him to think detestable as opposed to carrying out beneficial things and he can't relinquish what he have. He acted self-centeredness, deciding to get corrupt to the entire society and conflict with the tidiness of his heart. 2. Recognize mental and moral selfishness. Mental selfishness, implies that all men are egotistical in everything that they do. Just to fulfill his requirements to his benefit which goes about as personal responsibility. Also, Ethical pride, implies how men should act. That gives an authentic reaction of a people conduct; they have no commitment to do anything what is to their greatest advantage, paying little heed with the impact on others. 3. Rachels examines two contentions for mental selfishness. What are these contentions, and how can he answer to them? The main contention depicts one people activity as childish, and another people activity as unselfish. We are neglecting the urgent reality that in the two cases, expecting that the activity is done intentionally, the operator is just doing what he most needs to do. The primary contention demonstrates terrible model it would not have the right to be paid attention to, on the grounds that it lays on the reason that individuals never deliberately do anything aside from what they need to do. What's more, the second contention for mental selfishness is the alleged unselfish activities consistently produce a feeling of vanity in the specialist, and since this feeling of fulfillment is a lovely condition of awareness, as opposed to realize any useful for other people. 4. What three typical disarrays does Rachels distinguish in the proposal of mental pride? The three ordinary disarrays are: Disarray of Selfishness with personal circumstance. Suspicion that each activity is done either from personal circumstance or from other-in regards to thought processes. Basic however bogus suspicion that a worry for ones own government assistance is contradictory with any certified worry for the government assistance of others. 5. Express the contentions for saying that moral pride is conflicting. Why doesnt Rachels acknowledge this contention? A moral pride is conflicting, on the grounds that the vanity can't be effortlessly upheld that is regularly received by many. Furthermore, if individuals embraced the selfish strategy of seeking after their own advantages to the prohibition of his inclinations, as he seeks after his inclinations to the avoidance of theirs, at that point such a world would be inconceivable. So he himself will be a prideful person, yet he will need others to be altruists. 6. As indicated by Rachels, why shouldnt we hurt others, and for what reason would it be a good idea for us to help other people? In what manner can the prideful person answer? By doing activities that would hurt others may influence them. He will fight that we may acknowledge this as an explanation, however he doesn't. There are cutoff points what exactly can be cultivated by contention, and if the vain person truly doesnt care about others. As an explanation not to do an activity basically in light of the fact that he thinks about what befalls that other individual. What the braggart says that he doesn't acknowledge that as an explanation, he is stating something very uncommon. Conversation Questions: 1. Has Rachels responded to the inquiry raised by Glaucon, to be specific, Why be good? Provided that this is true, what precisely is his answer? Truly, his answer was, we should be a good not for ourselves however for other people. 2. Are authentic vain people uncommon, as Rachels claims? Is it a reality that a great many people care about others even individuals they dont know? Indeed, the certifiable self seekers are uncommon, in light of the fact that the vast majority of the individuals can love or care others, despite the fact that they dont truly realize that individual. Helping other people may give an explanation behind doing it as a decent propensity to show what care truly implies for them. 3. Assume we characterize moral philanthropy as the view that one ought to consistently represent the advantage of others and never in ones own personal circumstance. Is such a view indecent or not? The view isn't indecent, on the grounds that things and life are rarely past the point of no return, in our lives nobody is great, and to have an effect about this we should show how we build up our virtues. John Arthur: Religion, Morality, and Conscience Audit Questions: 1. As indicated by Arthur, how are profound quality and religion extraordinary? Profound quality includes our mentalities toward different types of conduct like lying and executing, its regularly communicated utilizing the thoughts of rules, rights, and commitments. While religion regularly includes in petition, venerate, convictions about the otherworldly, institutional structures and definitive writings. 2. For what reason is religion essential for moral inspiration? Religion is essential for moral inspiration, on the grounds that those strict thought processes are a long way from the main ones individuals have. The choice to make the best choice is made for an assortment of reasons. 3. Why isnt religion fundamental as a wellspring of good information? Religion isnt fundamental a wellspring of good information, since individuals tends to not see really the possibility of religion it ought to consistently be done well. 4. What is the celestial order hypothesis? For what reason does Arthur dismiss this hypothesis? The perfect order hypothesis imply that God has a similar kind of connection to the ethical law as the lawmaking body, which needs to rules it authorizes without Gods orders there would be no ethical principles, similarly as without an assembly there would be no rules. Arthur dismissed the perfect order hypothesis, just in light of the fact that he doesnt trust in God. 5. As indicated by Arthur, how are ethical quality and religion associated? The two are associated, in light of the fact that profound quality is impacted by religion and they depend on its ethical code, which additionally makes a culture. 6. Dewey says that profound quality is social. I'm not catching this' meaning, as indicated by Arthur? As Arthur made an investigation about the profound quality is social, its about the feeling that we are, subject to analysis by others for our activities. We talk about this with others what we ought to do, and regularly get notification from them concerning whether our choices were worthy. Just through the forces of creative mind would we be able to practice our ethical forces, imagining with the forces of judgment what still, small voice requires. Conversation Questions: 1. Has Arthur invalidated the perfect order hypothesis? If not, how might it be safeguarded? Arthur didn't invalidate the perfect order hypothesis, since he discusses the restriction to the reason of God he is refining god where the rule of God is incredible. We ought to recall that in each religion, we can never really comprehend the idea of God, since it can never choose the worries of society and determination can never be a verifiable. 2. On the off chance that ethical quality is social, as Dewey says, at that point how might we have any commitments to non-human creatures? Despite the fact that creatures are not people. They are additionally a living thing that can think, feel, and so forth. We ought to have commitments for them, since we likewise get a portion of our assets from the creatures. 3. I don't get Dewey's meaning by moral instruction? Does a school morals class consider moral instruction? Moral instruction basically implies your own family custom on how you grow up with them and how they raise you. Family is our first educator in our lives, and we likewise include inside the general public. Indeed, on the grounds that ethical training has been instructed, which we are gaining from conversations and on how we act them in reality. We will convey this as long as we live. Friedrich Nitzsche: Master-and Slave-Morality Audit Questions: 1. How does Nietzsche describe a decent and solid society? Nietzsche describes a decent and solid society by permitting better people than practice their will to control, their drive mastery and abuse of the second rate. The unrivaled individual follows an ace ethical quality that underscores power, quality, vanity and opportunity, as recognized from a slave-profound quality that calls for shortcoming, accommodation, compassion and love. 2. What is Nietzsches perspective on injury, viciousness, and misuse? Nietzsches perspective on injury, brutality and abuse is from the outcome in a specific unpleasant sense in great direct among people when the essential conditions are given. Its a will to the refusal of life, a guideline of disintegration and rot. 3. Recognize Master-Morality and Slave-Morality. Ace Morality has the possibility of a decent and terrible character and its likewise like the honorable and wretched. While Slave-Morality has the possibility of ethical quality of utility and as indicated by them the malicious man stirs dread. 4. Disclose the Will to Power. This is best depicted on how you think, in the event that you put something on mind that you like to accomplish something or an objective. The intensity of your will get ardent. That youll do everything just to get what is ideal. We build up this through experience, so we will have a solid will, which endeavors continually towards a self-picked objective affected by a self-provided inspiration. Conversation Questions: 1. A few people see Nietzsches compositions as destructive and even risky. For instance, some have accused Nietzsche of moving Nazism. Are these charges advocated or not? Why or why not? Nietzsches works are not hurtful and not may cause threat. These are genuine record that can be upheld through what's to come. He made each assessment and ordered it to have a significant life for the entire society, which we could undoubtedly distinguish what are our qualities and shortcomings. 2. I'm not catching it's meaning to be a maker of significant worth? It really characterizes the source of where and how it began that has a place with their predecessors so they could ace something originating from the history. Mary Midgley: Trying Out Ones New Sword Audit Questions: 1. What is good neutrality? As per Midgley, the perspective on anthropologists and others that we ca

Ode to a nightingale by john k Essay Example For Students

Tribute to a songbird by john k Essay The Poem Ode to A Nightingale by John Keats is an interesting sonnet, composed at some point during the 1815-1820s while he was visiting at a companions house.This Romantic Age sonnet is notable for the manner in which it is composed. The fundamental composing style Keats utilizes is symbolism. This style is a magnificent case of verse writing in the Romantic Age, particulary its references to Greek fanciful pictures and thecelebration of characteristic enviroment. In the initial segment of the sonnet Keats frames a psychological pictureof a hemlock,which implies a noxious herb. He likewise makes an image of a stream of absent mindedness in Hades. Fundamentally, the imageryKeats utilizes is that of Greek folklore and a dreamland. In an alternate point of view, it is the finish of ones life. Keats paints an image , the craving to end ones life in a quiet enviroment that is made by the Nightingales tune and light, and scents of the enviroment. In the initial five lines of the sonnet the storyteller shows thathe hears the songbird. As he hears the songbird, his heart hurts and he feels sedated from the melody and the excellence of trees andplants. Following a moment, he disregards the songbird. In lines five through twenty-five he will be he euphoric the songbirds capacity to sing about summer. From the songbirds singing, the storyteller turns out to be too cheerful in light of the fact that the songbird can communicate its bliss that late spring has shown up. The storyteller says that he needs to have a beverage, cool and tasting, similar to blossoms. He would overlook the world , blur away with the nightingaleinto the backwoods. To make this Romantic picture, Keatscompares the songbird to a light-winged Dryad and alludes to the tasting of greenery snd Provelcal Song.

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 15, 2015 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Megumi Kurosaki / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Thirdhand smoke (THS) is a term originally coined by doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children. Meant to describe dangers specifically associated with residual toxins left behind on surfaces once firsthand and secondhand smoke have cleared out of a room, we now understand more about the composition of THS that lingers in the air, as well. What Is Thirdhand Smoke? Have you ever stood in a check-out line and known there was a smoker nearby, even though no one was smoking anywhere close? Or maybe you walked into a room thick with the unmistakable smell of stale cigarette smoke, even though there was no visible smoke in the room? Or, if someone smokes in your house or car, how about that yellow gunk you clean off the windows? These are all examples of what is known as THS, a noxious mix of gases and small particles that remain in the air for hours after a cigarette is smoked, and are deposited on every surface they come into contact with. From air to hair, clothing, bedding, furniture, carpets, table surfaces and toys, nothing is exempt from contamination if its in a room or other closed environment (like a vehicle) where cigarettes were smoked. The Differences Between First, Second, and Thirdhand Smoke So, what is the difference between firsthand smoke, secondhand smoke,  and thirdhand smoke? Firsthand smoke is cigarette smoke that a smoker draws into his or her lungs when inhaling from a lit cigarette. Secondhand smoke is a combination of exhaled firsthand smoke and the smoke wafting into the air from the end of a burning cigarette. Thirdhand smoke can be broken down into three distinct parts: Gases and small particles that are suspended for hours in the air of rooms or other closed spaces (aged secondhand smoke).Tiny solid particles that settle and stick to surfaces of an enclosed area.Toxins on surfaces and in the air that combine with other common indoor pollutants, creating new chemical compounds or more dangerous forms of chemicals in the process. Thirdhand Smoke in the Air Scientists have discovered that aging secondhand smoke hanging in the air of an enclosed space changes over time in unexpected ways.?? While most of the solid particles in THS fall to surfaces within 20 minutes, some solid matter does remain in the air and can be inhaled into the lungs. Additionally, the levels of some chemicals in secondhand smoke actually increase for a time as the smoke transitions to THS, making breathable air in a room more dangerous. Three toxic chemicals of this type that have been identified are acrolein, methacrolein,  and acrylonitrile. The first two are respiratory and eye irritants, and the third, a highly flammable carcinogenic compound. Thirdhand Smoke on Surfaces Nicotine and other toxins from cigarette smoke coat everything it comes in contact with. And worse, some of those chemicals are transformed when they come into contact with other common indoor pollutants. For instance, when nicotine reacts with nitrous acid on indoor surfaces, it creates  TSNAs, a group of highly carcinogenic  chemicals. Chemicals from THS also stay in the environment for a long time. Research has shown that rooms that were smoked in retain THS in dust and on surfaces long after smoking has ceased.?? It even persists after cleaning and repainting.   Thirdhand Smoke in Chemical Fumes Researchers have learned that some of THS toxins parked on surfaces can off-gas, meaning that chemical fumes are released back into the air from the solid particles in that residue.?? Other Dangers Scientists have learned that when ozone mixes with residual nicotine in the air and on surfaces, it transforms into ultra-fine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs.?? These particles may be difficult for the body to expel and could cause additional breathing problems for asthma sufferers. Thirdhand Smoke Risks for Children The chemical fallout that settles on surfaces from the gases and small particles in cigarette smoke isnt good for anyone to be exposed to, but its especially harmful to small children. They are much more likely to ingest these invisible toxins when touching furniture, floors,  and toys  because they put their fingers (and toys, etc) in their mouths often. It should also be noted that THS in the air is a greater risk for babies and young children,  too,  because their respiratory rate is faster.?? This causes them to inhale more toxins in the same amount of time as someone who is older with a slower rate of breathing. Bottom Line Weve known for a long time that cigarette smoke is dangerous air to breathe. Now we also know that secondhand smoke lingers, settles and even transforms into other dangerous chemicals known as thirdhand smoke. It is important for your health and those you care about to avoid indoor areas where smoking is allowed. If you have smokers in your family, set a strict boundary about smoking outside. Researchers have identified more than 7,000 different chemical compounds that are present in cigarette smoke, including at least 250 poisonous gases, at least 69 carcinogens,  and several heavy, toxic metals.?? Do your part to ensure that children dont suffer the health hazards posed by cigarette smoking. Ban smoking in your home and car, and if you smoke, quit now

Endangered Species Criteria and Definition

The Pros and Cons of Illegal Prostitution - 1448 Words

It’s called the oldest profession in the world, but despite its longevity in almost every society and culture, sex work is illegal in most places. Research suggests that the decriminalization of prostitution would be beneficial because it would reduce the danger posed to sex workers, stop imposing a civil law on a morally wrong activity when sex is consensual, and provide the government a tax income instead of a legal expense. One of the first things that comes to mind when thinking about sex workers is the danger posed to prostitutes. Theft, rape, kidnapping, threats, blackmail, murder, and more are things that these women, (and some men,) have to deal with on a daily basis. Cash is king in the sex work world, and can be easily or forcibly taken in many circumstances. Even for workers who demand payment beforehand, the fact remains that there is not much standing between a man and getting back the money he has to pay for sex. Some workers avoid this problem with a pimp, who can intimidate the client and make theft less of an issue, however pimps bring their own problems and hazards to the industry. Rape or sexual assault is somewhat surprisingly a real issue in prostitution work. It may sound a bit strange, but being that rape is simply non-consensual sex, there are a myriad of opportunities for that to happen at almost any time. Kidnapping of sex workers often goes hand-in-hand with other crimes, such as the aforementioned, as well as murder. It’s not unusual to readShow MoreRelatedProstitution And Deviance : Examination Of Theories Amongst Positivist And Constructionist Perspectives Within Society1604 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution and Deviance: Examination of Theories Amongst Positivist and Constructionist Perspectives Within Society Deviance is behavior, beliefs or characteristics that many people in a society find or would find offensive and which excite, upon discovery, disapproval, punishment, condemnation, or hostility (Goode, 2011 p. 3). Most scientists will agree that a person s most basic needs, physiologically, are breathing, food, water, sleep, and sex. If all of these are the most basic to humanRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pagesdictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). 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Weather, Evil, and Chaos in Macbeth Free Essays

Weather, Evil, and Chaos in Macbeth â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen† (1. 3. 38) proclaims Macbeth as he unwittingly echoes the Weird Sisters’ incantation from the opening scene of Macbeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Weather, Evil, and Chaos in Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now The imagery of foul weather permeates the play, setting the tone and underscoring the unnaturalness of Macbeth’s treacherous behavior. Foul weather symbolizes both evil and the chaos it creates, and the most important function of weather imagery is to link Macbeth with evil and chaos. The connection between foul weather and evil is emphasized from the opening of the play. The stage directions for scene I reads, â€Å"Thunder and lightning. As the witches enter and begin speaking, the connection between evil and weather is established: â€Å"When shall we three meet again / In thunder, lightning, or in rain? † (1. 1. 1-2). This is an interesting question, since the audience later learns (during the witches’ second appearance) that the witches themselves can control winds and create storms. Before Macbeth appears on stage, foul weather is firmly associated with the forces of evil. Thus Macbeth’s opening line (quoted above) foreshadows his descent into evil . The evil that takes root in Macbeth’s soul ultimately leads to chaos. To early modern audiences, murdering a king represented perhaps the greatest evil that man might commit, for the monarch was the highest human link in the great chain of being linking man to God. When Macbeth murders Duncan, he severs the great chain, throwing everything into chaos. According to Tillyard, To us chaos means hardly more than confusion on a large scale; to an Elizabethan it meant the cosmic anarchy before creation and the wholesale dissolution that would result if the pressure of Providence relaxed and allowed the laws of nature to cease functioning. 16) That such chaos exists within the world of the play is emphasized when Lennox and Ross discuss the unnatural weather during the night of Duncan’s murder. Lennox’s remarks imply a connection between foul weather and chaos: â€Å"The night has been unruly†¦. Our chimneys were blown down†¦. Some say the earth was feverous and did shake† (2. 3. 50-57). Ross’s response suggests that natu re has died, an idea anticipated by Macbeth’s earlier observation, â€Å"nature seems dead† (2. 1. 50). In a sense, nature has died with Duncan, and the destructive weather reveals that evil and chaos rule in his place. The references to foul and unnatural weather underscore Macbeth’s relationship to chaos and evil. The murder of Duncan creates chaos that undoes many characters, until nature is revived by the death of Macbeth. Foul weather imagery is thus an important aspect of the play, serving not only to provide a sinister atmosphere but also to symbolize the chaos that follows the murder of a king. Such imagery powerfully contributes to making Macbeth one of Shakespeare’s darkest and most powerful tragedies. How to cite Weather, Evil, and Chaos in Macbeth, Papers

Luck and Success free essay sample

Luck and success Genius is 99% hard work and 1% Luck, this is a well-quote from Einstein. People have different opinion about that how success comes. Some people believe that success is being for luck, others think it is because of hard work. Personally, I believe that luck has nothing to do with success. Success is a result of our preparation, hard work and experience. Even the ideal conditions that led to success are a product of our preparation and work. Bill Gates success with the windows operator came to be with his observation that computers were an upcoming field. He just went to a potential field with many opportunities. But his hard work and determination ensured him a giant business named Microsoft. The understanding of economical and at general lifes cycles can lead us to the right conditions. Beside preparation, many people may agree that the result of hard work is usually fruitful. We will write a custom essay sample on Luck and Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, Thomas Edison tried 99 times to invent the light bulb without success but he didnt give up. On 100th try he succeeded. After this invention, he was asked whether he was wasting his time and he replied that in these 99 times he discovered 99 mistakes he had made. The last but not the least, success in one field relies on how much experience we have in that field and the experience doesnt come without working. The more you work the more experience you get. For instance, my brother used to work for a very small company owned by his friend. This company was later closed because of bankruptcy. The cause of bankruptcy was wrong strategies and decisions made by the owner. After the failure, he went to a university and worked for another company so that he could obtain experience and become a successful businessman. In conclusion, some people believe that success is a result of hard work while others believe that luck is a big part of success. Though a little bit of luck plays positive role, but I believe hard work and great endeavor are the origin of future’s success and happiness. The man’s great effort and diligence are his keys to the success. Luck is just an excuse for the weak that replaces the motivation for learning their mistakes and working intense to reform them with complaint. I believe luck must be excluded from our vocabulary, if we truly desire success.

Literature Review of Fal-G free essay sample

CHAPTER. 2 Literature review GENERAL Fly ash is a waste product from thermal power plants where pulverized coal is used for the as per the literature review GouravHYPERLINK http://biblioteca. universia. net/autor/Gourav,%20K. html,  Studies, 2007. Fly ash is being utilized in the blended cements, additive for concrete and manufacturing of concrete blocks and bricks. Fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks are being manufactured and marketed throughout the country. The literature review on fly ash-lime-gypsum (FALG) mixtures as intended to manufacture bricks or blocks for masonry applications indicates several gaps in understanding the various aspects of the technology. The present thesis is an attempt to understand the behavior of compacted stabilized fly ash mixtures for the manufacture of fly ash bricks and characteristics of masonry using such bricks. A brief introduction to the technology of compacted stabilized fly ash bricks for structural masonry is provided. The main focus of the investigations is on arriving at the optimum stabilizer-fly ash mixtures considering density, stabilizer-fly ash ratio, curing conditions, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Fal-G or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as the variables. Therefore the parameters/variables considered in the investigation include: (a) density of the compacted fly ash mixture, (b) stabilizer-fly ash ratio, (c) curing duration (normal curing and steam curing) and (d) dosage of additives like gypsum. The investigations clearly show the possibility of producing bricks of good quality using compacted fly ash-lime gypsum mixtures. Wet compressive strengths of 8- 10 MPa was obtained for compacted fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks at the age of 28 days. Wet strength to dry strength ratio for these bricks is in the range of 0. 55 – 0. 67. Initial tangent modulus for the fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks in saturated condition is in the range of 8000 – 12000 MPa. There is a large scope for selecting optimum mix ratios of Fly ash, sand, lime and other additives to obtain a specific designed strength for the brick. The thesis ends highlighting major conclusions of the investigations. A general study conducted on M30 strength of neat FaL-G has indicated that 1. 5 times of its dosage by weight, as against OPC, keeping the other aggregate same, renders a mortar or concrete of parallel grade strength. A Study on workability for M15 grade concrete has not shown any slump, unlike OPC. The additional 50% input of FaL-G cement might have rendered relatively better cohesion for wet concrete to show this phenomenon. Hence a different approach to study workability of FaL-G concrete has to be developed. Even at low workability, this can be considered as roller compacted concrete. FaL-G can replace OPC in many avenues. The reinforcement behavioral studies in reinforced FaL-G cement concrete (RFCC) are in progress but the postulations indicate that the constituent of FaL-G being 1. 5 times more than OPC by weight which in other words 3 times by volume of account of two to one ratio in densities, the specific area of cement matrix is relatively larger in RFCC than in RCC. Thereby reinforcement is more closely coated with cementitious gels and more safely ensured for water impermeability to veto the chances of corrosion. However FaL-G is weak abrasive product hence may be avoided on high abrasive prone areas, till its abrasive resistance is virtually improved. It is cheap in cost; transportation cost can be reduced by decentralizing the FaL-G cement activities. Fly ash-based brick and cement are far superior in engineering properties over their conventional competitors. This knowledge needs to be disseminated globally, more so in second and third world countries, through tangible technical explanations (Bhanumathidas and Kalidas 2003). Although results of FaL-G bricks and hollow blocks were promising, and the technology could not be implemented due to initial consumer resistance in adapting to new materials. Ambalavanan and Roja (1996) in their study of FaL-G bricks utilized waste lime and gypsum with fly ash. They have observed that in most cases the use of waste lime does not give technically desired results and some improvement is needed to increase the strength of FaL-G bricks. The treatment to be given to waste lime increases the cost of FaL-G bricks significantly as compared to conventional bricks, which is hindering the commercialisation of this new material. Some researchers have reported that there is fall in strength in FaL-G composites at later age. This aspect should be considered in the field application of FaL-G products. For wider application of FaL-G bricks and hollow blocks in the housing sector, extensive research is further needed. ENGINEERING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FAL-G Radhakrishnas (2010) preparation of FAL-g composite included both blocks cubes, with different parameters like finesse of fly ash, aggregate to binder ratio, degree of saturation, age testing the blocks and cubes for unconfined compression to determine the compressive strength. The strength data was generalized for a reference value of water-to-FaL-G ratio. A phenomenological model was developed to account for synergy between the materials used. Its robustness was verified with an independent set of experimental data. The predicted strength values are in close agreement with the experimental strength. He reinforced the possibility of using the model in the field to re-proportion the FaL-G mix of any consistency. Ismail Demur and Serhat Baspinar, 2007: investigated the effect of different type of pozzolan additions to cement free lightweight block made from fly ash–lime–gypsum mixture and observe the changes in physical, mechanical, thermal properties and microstructure Thermal conductivity of the fly ash–lime–gypsum mixture was improved by the addition of the expanded perlite. Optimal strength-thermal conductivity combination was obtained by the usage of silica fume and expanded perlite together. Improved strength properties were obtained by using hydrothermal curing conditions and super plasticizer addition. Mingjie Hua et al, 2009: conducted test using- -new type of semi-rigid road sub-bases. , which is a mixture of FGD gypsum, water glass and slaked lime. They studied molded samples of this new material investigated using different curing methods and measuring unconfined compressive Strength, soundness and water stability. Their team showed that the road sub-base material reflects excellent mechanical properties and soundness durability. S. K. Antiohos et al; 2007: In their test they studied Mechanical and durability characteristics of gypsum-free blended cements incorporating ulphate-rich reject fly ash. No gypsum was added in the mixtures, since it is believed that sulphate ions necessary for the prolongation of the setting process (commonly provided by gypsum) could be provided by fly ash enriched in sulphates. Their tests results revealed that waste materials not up to relevant standards could still contribute to the production of quality products of energy and economical efficien cy. * This article is not included in your organizations subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organizations agreement with Elsevier. As per Patent paper, Accession Number: 01022792; This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation on tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability characteristics of a class F fly ash stabilized with lime alone or in combination with gypsum. They developed Empirical models to estimate tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability indices of stabilized fly ash from unconfined compressive strength test results are also proposed herein. They concluded with enhanced tensile strength and durability characteristics, the stabilized fly ash may find potential use in civil engineering construction. Ambarish Ghosh; 2006: presents paper with results of a laboratory investigation on tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability characteristics of a class F fly ash stabilized with lime alone or in combination with gypsum. Empirical models to estimate tensile strength, bearing ratio, and slake durability indices of stabilized fly ash from unconfined compressive strength test results are also studied, he reported that, with enhanced tensile strength and durability characteristics, the stabilized fly ash may find potential use in civil engineering construction. D. P. Benz et al; (2010); presents paper about thermal Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Mortars and Concretes. Paper focuses on a characterization of the thermal properties, namely specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity, of such mixture. Because the specimens being examined are well hydrated, estimates of the specific heat capacity based on a law of mixtures, with a â€Å"bound specific heat capacity value being employed for the water in the mixture, provide reasonable predictions of the measured performance. Observed measured values should provide a useful database for evaluating the thermal performance of high volume fly ash concrete structures. RESEARCH PAPER 1999: points about the effects of processing and materials variations on mechanical properties of lightweight cement composites. The mechanical properties were improved by increasing the amount of silica fume, fly ash, and fibers. Paper says both carbon fibers and alkali-resistant glass fibers were effective in reinforcing the matrices, but carbon fibers were superior to glass fibers. Fabrication techniques for producing lightweight cement composites that can substitute for autoclaved lightweight concrete was developed. Md. Moinul Islam1and Md. Saiful Islam 2010: did research about Strength Behaviors of Mortar Using Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement. Concrete Research Letters Vol. 1(3) this paper reports the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effects of fly ash on strength development of mortar and the optimum use of fly ash in mortar. His test results show that strength increases with the increase of fly ash up to an optimum value, beyond which, strength values start decreasing with further addition of fly ash. Among the six fly ash mortars, the optimum amount of cement replacement in mortar is about 40%, which provides 14%higher compressive strength and 8% higher tensile strength as compared to OPC mortar. Jia-sheng Chen1 et al; February 2010: His study results show that yellow phosphorus slag can be used as the cement substitute for potential coagulation property. The hydration reaction involves hydration stage, solidifying stage, and strength stage with Ca (OH) 2 as the activating agent. The reaction rates of yellow phosphorus slag, Portland cement, and ultrafine powder hydration with the increase of microstructure stability and initial strength. S. Maitra et al; 2005: Effect of heat treatment on properties of steam cured fly ash-lime compacts was studied. Kinetics of thermal dehydration of the compacts was also studied from thermo gravimetric measurements under non-isothermal condition to ascertain the order of dehydration process and the associated activation energy. Seema Karami1 et al; 2010: Research was undertaken to study the effect of sulphate activation of Run of Station Ash (ROSA) blend with Red-Gypsum (RG), Plaster Board Gypsum (PG) and By-Pass Dust (BPD). Research on Fly ash, Lime and Phospho gypsum (FaL-G) reported that when gypsum was added to Fa-L mix, the compressive strength increased by 3 and 22 times in comparison with that of Fa alone and Fa-L at 28 days curing time, respectively [A. Ghosh and Ch. Subbarao, 2001]. FaL-G is a hydraulic binder that was used for bricks and hollow blocks [Kumar, 2002]. Analysis of aerated concrete block wall; construction quality control; paper gives information about aerated cement concrete blocks are made of , lime, gypsum and fly ash, or river sand as the main raw material, aluminum is made by the gas-foaming agent, molding, maintenance and other craft made of autoclaved porous block walls material. As a load-bearing and non load-bearing structural materials and thermal insulation envelope materials, with a light weight, thermal insulation, sound insulation performance is good; there is a certain mechanical strength and process ability advantages. This paper discusses the aerated concrete block wall construction quality control points. | ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PapitaSaha ShyamalKSanyal;2010;The present contribution deals with the removal of cadmium ion using clay soil mixed with different admixture (cement, gypsum, lime, bentonite) as adsorbent in laboratory scale experiment. In continuous experiment it was observed that the % removal was 95–99%. A mathematical treatment of this adsorption phenomenon has been developed and it was observed that the experimental results showed satisfactory agreement with the theoretical predicted results. M. Ahmaruzzaman; 2010: In this paper, the utilization of fly ash in construction, as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds, flue gas and metals, light weight aggregate, mine back fill, road sub-base, and zeolite synthesis is discussed. The adsorption capacity of fly ash may be increased after chemical and physical activation. Converting fly ash into zeolites not only alleviates the disposal problem but also converts a waste material into a marketable commodity. Investigations also revealed that the unburned carbon component in fly ash plays an important role in its adsorption capacity. Future research in these areas is also discussed. | As per the experimental studies done by S. Geetha, Ramamurthy; 2010: Chemical activation is done using Na2SO4 to enhance the strength of the cold-bonded aggregate by accelerating the pozzolanic reaction and formation of more ettringite. It was observed that increase in binder and Na2SO4 dosages increased the strength and decreased the open porosity thereby reducing the water absorption As per, Lal C. Ram Reginald E. Masto; 2010: Studies the application of FA has improved the physical, chemical and biological qualities of soil to which it is applied. FA generated in India tends to be mostly alkaline, with lower levels of trace elements than are often found in FAs from other countries. The concentrations of potential chemical stressors, predominantly metals, in Indian FAs are often less than established or proposed permissible limits and are thus better suited for soil application. A major logistic limitation to the use of FA could be the cost involved in transport of ash from production to utilization sites. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete and Its Mechanism Posted: 2009- It is known that the fly ash emissions from industrial by-products are very large. To fully exploit the potential activity of industrial waste, fly ash has to be used to reduce the amount of cement concrete. To reduce the Cost of production; turning waste into treasure, of harm into, saving a lot of valuable land dumping of fly ash; a greater degree of high performance edge, to improve concrete workability, durability, and physical and mechanical properties we have to use Fly Ash Concrete In one embodiment the invention provides solid bricks produced by compressing together fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, calcium carbonate, and lime. These bricks have sufficient structural strength for use in building and construction. In another embodiment, waste materials are encapsulated in a mixture of fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, lime, and calcium carbonate and compressed into bricks that may be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Further, the compressed bricks containing waste material may be coated with an impermeable membrane of a synthetic polymeric material. Further, the invention provides a mobile, trailer-mounted apparatus for compressing the mixtures into bricks. Mohammad M. Khabiri; 2010: studied the effect of Stabilized Sub base, Containing Waste Construction Materials on Reduction of Pavement Rutting Depth, examined the changes of rutting depths due to using from stabilized Recyclables materials. Milken et al; study investigates the feasibility of using coal fly ash and fly ash-bentonite mixtures as a barrier material for mine waste. Tara Sen and Umesh Mishra; 2010: studied, applications of industrial wastes considered in road construction with great interest in many industrialized and developing countries. The results of this study suggest that the addition of 10% bentonite to coal fly ash reduced the hydraulic conductivity of the coal fly ash to less than 1_10? 9 ms and improved the chemical compatibility for mine waste containment. Use of these materials in road making is based on technical, economic, and ecological criteria. Various Industrial wastes for use in the construction of highway have been found to be successful. ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES. Eco-housing Assessment Criteria 2009. Information about Fly Ash Lime Gypsum Brick. Fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks / blocks are very good products, giving the highest strength among various bricks. These require relatively higher investment and expensive raw materials to give arrange of high strength products. This is most suitable for mechanized operations, though semi mechanized operations are also possible. Fly ash lime gypsum bricks are made up of 60% fly ash, 10-20% lime and 10-20% gypsum. These bricks have medium range strength. Minimum compressive strength (28 days) of 70 kg/cm2 can easily be achieved and this can go up to 250 Kg/cm2 (in autoclaved type). Advantage of these bricks over burnt clay bricks: Lower requirement of mortar in construction, Plastering over brick can be avoided, Controlled dimensions, edges, smooth and fine finish can be in different colors using pigments and cost effective, energy-efficient environment friendly (This avoids the use of fertile clay). Polycor Vetrazzo; -2010: did research about recycled material investigates the composition preferably used for recycle that is Fal-g and observes, has high recycle content. The sheet-form material made in accordance with the invention can be used to provide exposed solid surfaces, for example, surfaces for shower walls and floors, counter-tops, table-tops, and the like, where low hydraulic permeability and high compressive and tensile strength are required. The cement content is relatively low, preferably in the range of about 3% to 20% by weight, and the pozzolan to cement ratio is relatively high, preferably equal to or greater than unity and can be suitably used as alternative construction material. Godfrey MadzivireLeslie et al; 2010: studies about Balfo Application of coal fly ash to circumneutral mine waters for the removal of sulphates as gypsum and ettringite. They observed Subsequent treatment of circumneutral mine water to pH greater than 11 resulted in more than 60% sulphate removal. Treatment of circumneutral mine water to pH greater than 11 with FA followed by seeding with gypsum crystals and the addition of amorphous Al(OH) 3 resulted in removal of sulphate to levels below the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) water quality effluent limit (500  ppm0). Keat-Teong LeeKok-Chong Tan, et al, 2007, they devised a Model that was found useful to predict the daily operation of flue gas desulfurization processes by using CaO/CaSO4/coal fly ash sorbent to remove O2from flue gas. Puvvadi V et al; 2010: studied about Gypsum treated fly ash as a liner for waste disposal facilities. They investigated the use of gypsum, which is known to accelerate the unconfined compressive strength by increasing the lime reactivity, and further improving the hydraulic conductivity. They made an attempt in the present context to reduce the hydraulic conductivity by adding lime content up to 10% to two selected samples of class F fly ashes. They investigated that the higher amount of lime in the presence of sulphate is observed to produce more cementitious compounds which block the pores in the fly ash. The consequent reduction in the hydraulic conductivity of fly ash would be beneficial in reducing the leach ability of trace elements present in the fly ash when used as a base liner. J. Sanjurjo Sanchez et al. 2010. Studied about the deposition of particles on gypsum-rich coatings of historic buildings in urban and rural environments and made comparisons. They studied XRF and SEM analyses of these coatings and their comparison with both the composition of dust coatings formed by the deposition of gaseous and particulate matter in an urban and a rural locality allows assessing which pollution sources are the most damaging for these materials, knowing the elemental composition of these emissions. Aly Ahmed et al; 2011: did Investigations of using recycled gypsum â€Å"bassanite† which is derived from gypsum waste plasterboard and waste plastic trays for ground improvement; this can be also used for soil improvement. Recycled gypsum content, curing time and frost heave property throughout capillary rise test were investigated to determine the behavior of treated soil with recycled gypsum. In addition, size, content and aspect ratio of strips of waste plastic trays were investigated. Adding strips of waste plastic trays to samples treated with recycled gypsum enhanced both splitting tensile and compressive strengths as well increased the value of secant modulus. The size and content of strips of waste plastic trays have significant effect on the potential of capillary rise and the enhancement of strength and stiffness of tested soil. Mridul Garg et al; 2010:did investigations about environment hazard mitigation of wasteHYPERLINK http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V2G-50HWJ3X-9_user=10_coverDate=07%2F14%2F2010_alid=1529465624_rdoc=2_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=5702_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=15_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=227eba22bc38c03d62ab580849bcc1c7searchtype=a gypsumHYPERLINK http://www. sciencedirect. om/science? _ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V2G-50HWJ3X-9_user=10_coverDate=07%2F14%2F2010_alid=1529465624_rdoc=2_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=5702_sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=15_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=227eba22bc38c03d62ab580849bcc1c7searchtype=a and chalk how to utilize HYPERLINK http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V2G-50HWJ3X-9_user=10_coverDate=07%2F14%2F2010_alid=1529465624_rdo =2_fmt=high_orig=search_origin=search_zone=rslt_list_item_cdi=5702_ sort=r_st=13_docanchor=view=c_ct=15_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=227eba22bc38c03d62ab580849bcc1c7searchtype=a in construction materials. The paper deals with studies on select wastes like phosphogypsum and chalk for use in value-added building materials. The engineering properties and techno-economics of materials like gypsum plasters, cementitious binders, boards/blocks, masonry cement and flooring tiles produced from phosphogypsum and lime have been detailed. They came to the conclusion that the production and use of building materials from such wastes will protect the environment from degradation. The disposal and use of solid industrial wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, fly ash, and slag can be met successfully. Activation or strengthening of fly ash-lime with gypsum Yang MinQian Jueshi and Pang Ying; 2007:studied about the Activation of fly ash–lime systems using calcined phosphor gypsum also experiments were performed to determine the effect of calcined phosphogypsum on the strength of fly ash–lime binders. Significant strength increases compared to binders without calcined phosphogypsum were observed due to the activation. They opined lime sludge, is significant in view of their availability and potential applications. Kelly RuschTingzong Guo and Roger; 2002: They investigated how best PG can be stabilized with class C fly ash and lime for potential use in marine environments. Development of the ruptures in the composites must be considered when the composites are used for aquatic applications. They came to the conclusion that effective diffusion coefficients and effective diffusion depths alone are not necessarily good indicators of the long-term survivability of PG: class C fly ash: lime composites. Larbi Kacimi Martin Cyrand Pierre Clastres; 2010: The objective of this study was the synthesis of L-C2S (Ca2SiO4) belite cement, starting from fly-ash of system CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–SO3, and using the hydrothermal method in alkaline solution. The optimization of the synthesis parameters (temperature and time of stirring, pH of solution, temperature and duration of mixture burning) was also studied. The results obtained showed that these ashes could form belite cement composed of only one dicalcium silicate phase ( L-C2S). Bhanumathidas and Kalidas; 2004: They studied the Point of View Dual role of gypsum: Set retarder and strength accelerator. They opined while all fly ashes may not need additional gypsum, care has to be taken not to deprive those fly ashes in need of additional gypsum FaL-G technology, developed by the authors, achieved its breakthrough by tapping the potential of calcium aluminates towards the formation of ettringite and mono-sulphate; thus changing the pace of lime-fly ash chemistry. They said gypsum plays a predominant role as the strength accelerator in the context of hydrated mineralogy in FaL-G. Moreover, gypsum works as set-accelerator in lime-pozzolana binders in contrast to its role as set-retarder in OPC. Stefania Grzeszczyk, and Katarzyna Front; 2000. They carried out rheological studies out on the effect of a super plasticizer from the sulphonated melamine formaldehyde (SMF) group upon the properties of fly ash suspensions containing a small quantity of mineral admixtures such as cement, lime and gypsum. Ghosh, et al; 2007: They studied about Leaching of Lime from Fly Ash Stabilized with Lime and Gypsum. They presented leaching test results of a class F low lime fly ash stabilized with varying percentages of lime (4, 6, and 10%) alone or in combination with gypsum (0. 5 and 1. 0%).. The effects of factors like lime content, gypsum content, curing period, and flow period on leaching of lime from a compacted stabilized fly ash matrix are reported herein. Two non dimensional parameters, alpha sub coi and beta sub coi, are presented herein to study the effect of gypsum on the total amount of calcium leached out from the compacted stabilized fly ash. They presented a model is also to estimate the amount of calcium leached out from the stabilized fly ash. Ambarish Ghosh 2010; conducted lab test to determine the compaction Characteristics and Bearing Ratio of Pond Ash Stabilized with Lime and Phosphogypsum. This paper presents the laboratory test results of a Class F pond ash alone and stabilized with varying percentages of lime (4, 6, and 10%) and PG (0. 5, and 1. 0), to study the suitability of stabilized pond ash for road base and sub base construction. As per the empirical model he developed to estimate the bearing ratio for the stabilized mixes through multiple regression analysis. Linear empirical relationship has been presented herein to estimate soaked bearing ratio from unsoaked bearing ratio of stabilized pond ash. He concluded from the experimental results that pond ash-lime-PG mixes have potential for applications as road base and sub base materials. As per,PeijiangHYPERLINK http://scitation. aip. org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet? KEY=ASCERLpossible1=Sun%2C+Peijiangpossible1zone=authormaxdisp=25smode=strresultsaqs=true Sun and HwaiHYPERLINK http://scitation. aip. org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet? KEY=ASCERLpossible1=Wu%2C+Hwai-Chungpossible1zone=authormaxdisp=25smode=strresultsaqs=true-Chung Wu 2009, Splitting Tensile Strength of Fly Ash Activated by Hydrothermal Hot-Pressing Process, an innovative process of recycling fly ash (both Class F and Class C) into potential construction materials with superior mechanical properties is investigated. Several key parameters—such as treatment temperature, duration of process, and amount of chemical activator—are evaluated critically. The results confirm that fly ash can be solidified and specimens show splitting tensile strengths of about 1. 0  MPa by hydrothermal hot pressing alone. With a small amount of chemical activator (NaOH), the tensile strength can reach as highas5. 4  MPa. Fal-g used as Road sub base parameters Weiguo ShenMingkai Zhoua and Qinglin Zhao; 2006:, Studied on lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum, FaL-g Binder. As per his their study a new type of lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder was prepared. To improve the performances of lime–fly ash binder this was a typical semi-rigid road base Material binder in China. They concluded the modified lime powder had much higher activity than ordinary quick lime or slaked lime powder; it was the best alkali activator to prepare lime–fly ash–phosphogypsum binder. As per, Degirmenci Nurhayat; 2008, they investigated Utilization of phosphogypsum as raw and calcined material in manufacturing of building products. The main objective of this research was to investigate the utilization potential of phosphogypsum with fly ash and lime in construction industry. On the basis of the test results, it was concluded that the curing conditions have an important influence on the compressive and flexural strength of the binder specimens. It was also concluded that the, Cementitous binder obtained can be used for the production of interior wall materials such as bricks and blocks MinYang et al; 2008: presented a (Technical Note) regarding activation of fly ash-lime systems using calcined phosphogypsum. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of calcined phosphogypsum on the strength of fly ash lime binders. But lowering the lime to calcined phosphogypsum ratio of blends with the same fly ash content yielded a relatively lower compressive development at late ages. Strengths of samples cured first at 45[degrees] C in over 90% R. H. for 12 h and then at room temperature were better than those cured at room temperature all the time. X-ray analysis suggests that the activation of calcined phosphogypsum to the systems was due to the formation of ettringite and dehydrate calcium sulfate during the hydration process. LJMU 2008 ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 20TH -21ST FEBRUARY 2008, LIVERPOOL, UK. This paper will review the various applications for coal fly ash associated with road construction, summaries the technical benefits and discuss in detail the environmental and sustainability considerations of its use. Composite masonry material from Fal-G A Paki Turgut; 2010: investigated about Masonry composite material made of limestone powder and fly ash. LP waste and class-C FA were used to produce a composite material without the addition of Portland cement. They concluded, from Preliminary results obtained from the tests that masonry composites can be produced using LP, FA and water. | | | etd AT Indian Institute of Science  ;  1994:Did investigation about-| -a method of using waste materials produced by coal combustion to produce useful products. In one embodiment the invention provides solid bricks produced by compressing together fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, calcium carbonate, and lime. These bricks have sufficient structural strength for use in building and construction. In another embodiment, waste materials are encapsulated in a mixture of fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, lime, and calcium carbonate and compressed into bricks that may be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Further, the compressed bricks containing waste material may be coated with an impermeable membrane of a synthetic polymeric material. Further, the invention provides a mobile, trailer-mounted apparatus for compressing the mixtures into bricks. P. Chindaprasirt; 2008: did investigation about Lightweight bricks made of diatomaceous earth, lime and gypsum. They studied Water content, pre-curing period, lime content, gypsum content and calcined temperature. The nature of hydration products and morphological characteristics of the lightweight bricks are also investigated. Yang et al; 2009 conducted studies about Preparation of load-bearing building materials from autoclaved phosphogypsum. The present study was focused on autoclaved PG and its use in making load-bearing wall bricks. Tobermorite was the significant hydrated product, which contributed to the strength of bricks. The use of autoclaved PG for making load-bearing wall bricks was recommended instead of conventional burnt clay bricks. A possibility to get water-stable materials at curing in the ambient air. It was shown that water uptake might be reduced by different methods, the best of which is short-term impregnation by a hydrophobic liquid of the siloxane group. Results from experiments with small specimens and full size pressed blocks were compared. It is noted that blocks answered to the requirements of Israeli Standard to cement concrete blocks. As per the S. Marinkovic and A. Kostic-Pulek; 2007. Examination of the system fly ash–lime–calcined gypsum–water. The feasibility of the utilization of the system fly ash–lime–calcined gypsum (? -hemihydrates)–water (the mass ratio 2:1:2:2. 5) for the production of building ceramics was investigated. S. Marinkovic and A. Kostic-Pulek opined curing of these products, a compressive strength of 4. 01  MPa in the water-cured and 7. 83  MPa in air-cured system developed. When the air-cured system was exposed to three alternate heating–cooling or three alternate cooling–heating cycles, the compressive strength increased (from 7. 83 to 9. 47 and 10. 55  MPa, respectively). The fly ash–lime–calcined gypsum–water systems prepared in this work can be applied for the manufacture of products for internal walls (bricks and blocks). As per Vimal Chandra Pandey Nandita Singh; 2010, systems Studies revealed that the lower FA incorporation in soil modifies the physico-chemical, biological and nutritional quality of the soil. He concluded that FA could be effectively used in the barren or sterile soil for improving quality and enhancing fertility. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of FA addition into degraded soils for improving nutritional and physico-chemical properties. As per literature review of   Gourav, K  2010; fly ash-lime-gypsum (FALG) mixtures as intended to manufacture bricks or blocks for masonry applications indicates several gaps in understanding the various aspects of the technology. The literature review on the present thesis is an attempt to understand the behavior of compacted stabilized fly ash mixtures for the manufacture of fly ash bricks and characteristics of masonry using such bricks. A brief introduction to the technology of compacted stabilised fly ash bricks for structural masonry is provided. Review of the literature on fly ash-lime and fly ash-lime-gypsum mixtures, and fly ash bricks are provided in chapter 1The main focus of the investigations is on arriving at the optimum stabilizer-fly ash mixtures considering density, stabilizer-fly ash ratio, curing conditions, etc. as the variables. Some of the major conclusions of the investigations are (a) compressive strength of compacted stabilised fly ash mixtures is sensitive to dry density of the specimens and the strength increases with increase in density irrespective of stabilizer content and type of curing, (b) Optimum lime fly ash ratio yielding maximum strength is 0. 5, (c) addition of gypsum accelerates rate of strength gain for compacted fly ash-lime mixtures (d) for 28 days wet burlap curing optimum gypsum content yielding maximum strength is 2% and maximum compressive strength is achieved for lime contents in the range of 10 – 17%, (e) steam curing (at 80  °C for 24 hours) gives highest compressive strengt h for compacted fly ash-lime mixtures. Compressive strength, flexure bond strength and stress strain relationship for the fly ash brick masonry using cement-lime mortars were evaluated. The investigations clearly show the possibility of producing bricks of good quality using compacted fly ash-lime gypsum mixtures. Wet compressive strengths of 8- 10 MPa was obtained for compacted fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks at the age of 28 days. Wet strength to dry strength ratio for these bricks is in the range of 0. 55 – 0. 67. There is a large scope for selecting optimum mix ratios of fly ash, sand, lime and other additives to obtain a specific designed strength for the brick. Curing effect; on improving strength of fal-g. As per, Is? k Yilmaz and Berrin Civelekoglu; 2009, this paper deals with the performance of the gypsum as an additive for treatment of the expansive clay soils by means of swell potential and strength. Gypsum can be used as a stabilizing agent for expansive clay soils, effectively. The literature contains a vast number of stabilizing techniques such as lime, cement, and fly-ash for treatment of expansive clay soils. They however concluded the use of gypsum as a stabilizing agent is currently not clear. As per Pimraksa and P. Chindaprasirt; 2008, Water content, pre-curing period, lime content, gypsum content and calcined temperature are the factors investigated. The nature of hydration products and morphological characteristics of the lightweight bricks are also investigated. He concluded that the diatomaceous earth possesses pozzolanic property and can be used for making lightweight bricks. Concrete blocks of fal-g As per the literature review of Sunil Kumar. 2007, The compressive strength, water absorption and weight of FaL-G hollow blocks were determined . FaL-G hollow blocks are light in weight and being hollow, impart thermal insulation to the buildings. In this paper, a study based on the results of an experimental investigation on FaL-G hollow blocks is presented. The durability of these blocks in terms of loss in compressive strength in sulfate environments is also presented in this paper. It is observed that FaL-G hollow blocks have sufficient strength for their use in general building construction. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete and Its Mechanism Posted: 2009: As the fly ash emissions from industrial by-products is very large, large volume fly ash concrete to fully exploit the potential activity of industrial waste fly ash to reduce the amount of cement, concrete to reduce the Cost of production; to improve concrete workability, durability, and physical and mechanical properties. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete to save both cement, but also consume a large amount of fly ash, for the reduction of Environmental load of very effective. High Volume Fly Ash Concrete as a new type of material has its own unique advantages, with its performance study, large volume fly ash concrete and continuously improves the performance. In one embodiment the invention provides solid bricks produced by compressing together fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, calcium carbonate, and lime. These bricks have sufficient structural strength for use in building and construction. In another embodiment, waste materials are encapsulated in a mixture of fly ash, bottom ash, gypsum, lime, and calcium carbonate and compressed into bricks that may be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable manner. Further, the compressed bricks containing waste material may be coated with an impermeable membrane of a synthetic polymeric material. Further, the invention provides a mobile, trailer-mounted apparatus for compressing the mixtures into bricks. As per the Technical paper ECO-FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES. 2009. Fly ash-lime-gypsum bricks / blocks are very good products, giving the highest strength among various bricks. These require relatively higher investment and expensive raw materials to give arrange of high strength products. This is most suitable for mechanized operations, though semi mechanized operations are also possible. Fly ash lime gypsum bricks are made up of 60% fly ash, 10-20% lime and 10-20% gypsum. These bricks have medium range strength. Minimum compressive strength (28 days) of 70 kg/cm2 can easily be achieved and this can go up to 250 Kg/cm2 (in autoclaved type). Advantage of these bricks over burnt clay bricks: Lower requirement of mortar in construction, Plastering over brick can be avoided, Controlled dimensions, edges, smooth and fine finish can be in different colors using pigments and cost effective, energy-efficient environment friendly

The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal

The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal Introduction The Enron Scandal, uncovered in 2001, was one of the largest accounting frauds in history. The fraud occurred as a result of accounting gaps and poor financial reporting which allowed top executives to conceal billions of debts from failed deals and projects. The company’s CFO and other executives not only lied to its BOD and audit team on risky accounting norms, but also pressed Arthur Andersen to ignore the issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Aftermath of the Enron Scandal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arthur Andersen was handling Enron’s auditing activities during this period. As a result of the Enron scandal, shareholders lost billions of dollars and the company was eventually declared bankrupt. Arthur Andersen willingly surrendered its licenses to practice auditing in the US and sold most of its practices (Healy Palepu, 2003). As a result of the scandal, a number of regulat ions were implemented by the government to prevent similar activities from happening again. The most common piece of legislation implemented was the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. Sarbanes–Oxley Act This act was signed into law in 200 and hence sometimes referred to as the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. The act set new or improved standards for all American-based public company boards, management and public accounting and auditing companies (Kuschnik, 2008). The act was enacted following a series of accounting scandals by large corporations in the US, including Enron, Tyco International and WorldCom. The scandals cost shareholders and tax collection agencies billions in dollars, affected share prices, and led to the collapse of some of the companies. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act comprises of 11 titles ranging from supplementary management board roles to criminal penalties, and compels the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to implement the outlines of the act. Key prov isions of the act include disclosure controls, improper influence on conduct of audits, disclosures in quarterly reports, evaluation of internal controls, and criminal penalties for violating the provisions of the act (Farrell, 2005). Under disclosure controls, the Act sets out internal processes aimed at ensuring accurate financial reporting. The signing officers must verify that they are â€Å"responsible for establishing and maintaining internal controls† and the officers must have assessed the efficiency of the firm’s internal controls as current three months prior to the report (Kuschnik, 2008). Further, external auditors are obliged to provide their opinions on the effectiveness of the internal controls during financial reporting (Kuschnik, 2008). The title on improper influence on conduct of audits states that is illegal for an officer (or any other person acting under the commission’s mandate) to partake in any activity meant to falsely sway, force, infl uence, or misinform any independent public or certified accountant undertaking audit of the financial statements of that company.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under the title on disclosures in quarterly (or periodic) reports, the Act requires the disclosure of all material off-balance sheet items. The SEC is further expected to monitor the use of such instruments and whether accounting doctrines have been thoroughly adhered to in the use of such instruments. Finally, under evaluation of internal control, management is obliged to give an â€Å"internal control report† that confirms the management’s role of setting up and maintaining an acceptable internal control structure and techniques for financial reporting (Kuschnik, 2008). The report must also contain an evaluation as of the end of the most recent financial year of the firm, of the efficiency of the internal control structures and processes. The Sarbanes–Oxley Act has been commended by a number of financial industry experts, quoting enhanced investor confidence and more precise periodic and fiscal financial reports. References Farrell, G. (2005). America Robbed Blind. Texas: Wizard Academy Press. Healy, P. M. Palepu, K. G. (2003). The Fall of Enron. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(2), 7. Kuschnik, B. (2008). The Sarbanes Oxley Act. Business Law Journal, 18(6), 64 – 95.

Survival of the Fittest Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Survival of the Fittest - Article Example This will help the employees in saving his/her jobs because health care administrators are already looking to retain only those employees who can work in more than one area. Secondly managers have to motivate employees by participating in two way communication with them. Thirdly employees can continuously get involved in the process of improving the quality of the service by providing clean and safe environment to patients and other officials of the health care system. Lastly, administrators of health care system should try to reduce their cost by negotiating with suppliers and it is the right time to do so as suppliers they are ready to negotiate due to bad economic conditions. Mark S. Learner states that an individual who is responsible for carrying out activities should try to take the credit for what he has done otherwise his activities and importance will be undermined. Lerner states that an individual has to show his technical abilities in order to save his/her job. In my opinion this is not completely true because an individual can not perform all kinds of jobs related to a field and if he/she will try to do so, he will feel over burdened and employees of health care settings are already over burdened because organizations are practicing

Digital Technology Has Ruined How People Entertain Themselves Essay

Digital Technology Has Ruined How People Entertain Themselves - Essay Example The digital technology has ruined the film industries in various ways. The traditional films had the ability to show the objects as real through a connection of similarity. Films no longer work as before after the introduction of the digital technology. For example, the cameras’ functions and variables of film stocks are no longer important in determining the final look of films. These changes have also affected the viewers of the films. Examples of the digital technologies affecting filming entail the image enhancement and editing. These technologies have affected the final products because they only focus on the postproduction phase that culminates to an additional reduction of the traces of photographic indexical contingency in the product (Detweiler, 2008). Several aspects in movies or the films are exaggerated since all the cinematographers are using the digital technology. For example, the colors are too deep and the images are not promotional to their natural sizes. Thi s concept is applicable in all the films and movies today. They make the movies appear the same because the cinematographers use the same colors and lighting effects. Consequently, the audiences no longer feel the sense of seeing the actual world when watching the movies (Bodrogi & Khanh, 2012). The cinematographers should know that every movie must have a different look to prevent monotony in the film industries. There were no shortcuts in the traditional filming because cinematographers applied their craft to bring out emotional response in films. Films cannot produce images exactly as the naked eyes can see; however, the pseudo realistic looks are no longer produced and the images look unrealistic when using the digital cameras (ADC, 2009). The film cameras were used in the film industries in the past; however, the digital cameras have substituted the film cameras. According to researchers, the film camera generated better quality images. For instance, the film camera had better resolution compared to the digital ones (Bodrogi & Khanh, 2012). Researches show that the quality of images produced by the 35mm film cameras are many times better than the pictures produced by the best digital cameras (Bodrogi & Khanh, 2012). This may not affect the photographers but it will affect the individuals who want to see the textures of their images in the photographs. The images produced by the film cameras can be rescanned using the modern scanners because they are very clear. Additionally, more details are visible compared to the images produced by the digital cameras. This is because of the high resolution that favors the film cameras. For instance, the past movies such as â€Å"It’s a Wonderful Life† can be rescanned many times with the modern scanners. This is because the analogues cameras that had very high resolution first produced these products (Abrams, 2003). Additionally, the analogue cameras have a higher photo speed compared to the digital camer as. One can experience delays when using the digital cameras because they record information slowly compared to the traditional cameras. An individual can shoot another photo immediately when using the â€Å"SLR film cameras† because the process only requires the movement of the shutter to complete an exposure to move to another one (Bodrogi & Khanh,

Impact of Feminism on Social Work Practice

Impact of Feminism on Social Work Practice The emergence of feminism and its impact on social work practice This research considers the application of feminist thought in social work practise. Specific areas of consideration include the gap from social workers’ personal acceptance of feminist constructs and their use of such constructs in daily practise, the effects of perpetuation of hegemonic gender roles by social workers, and domestic violence victims perceptions of the effectiveness of social work based on the perspectives of their social workers as considered above. This research further describes a focus group of college social work students who are also domestic violence victims. It records their perceptions of social workers’ worldviews and the impact of such on service. Conclusions include that there is significant gap between the understanding or acceptance of feminist constructs amongst social workers and its application in daily field practise, that social workers are often likely to perpetuate hegemonic gender roles, and because of such perpetuation view domestic violence situations as individual occurrences rather than part of a greater societal pattern of oppression, and that domestic violence survivors feel best served when work with them uses a feminist theoretical framework. Introduction Feminism and social work have been associated for many years; however, although many social workers personally espouse working from a feminist perspective, the systems of social work still favour work from a traditional or patriarchal perspective. This research, therefore, seeks to first consider findings from previous study regarding this phenomenon and the theoretical frameworks for both social work and feminist thought. In this light of information gleaned from these findings, it became apparent that hegemonic gender roles, a common topic of feminist research, play a relevant part in work with survivors of domestic violence. Specifically, domestic violence survivors are often directed, either explicitly or implicitly, that their situation is personal and should be considered and dealt with from a personal and pathological perspective rather than applying the tenets of feminist thought that view such situations as manifestations of structural and power problems in our greater society. This study then seeks to document whether this gap between social work theory supportive of feminist worldviews and social work application of practise exists, and if so, how prevalent a gap it is. This is accomplished through use of a focus group of college students, all of whom have taken at least one course in social work theory and are themselves domestic violence survivors who have been served, to whatever level of quality, by social workers. Discussions within the focus group involved ideas of gender roles and social worker advocacy of hegemonic gender roles, whether explicit or implicit. The focus group then built on this foundation to consider group participants ‘experiences with social workers and whether they presented an individual / pathological perspective of domestic violence, or whether they presented a perspective that consider the wider influence of society and its systems. This was further related to the effect of such perceptions on the understanding of and service to group participants at the time of intervention. Literature Review Feminism has emerged in the past thirty years as a viable worldview. Dietz (2000), quoting Bunch (1980), defined feminism as â€Å"transformational politics that aims at the dismantling of all permanent power hierarchies in which one category of humans dominates or controls another category of humans† (372). â€Å"In the feminist and empowerment traditions, the personal is political, and individual change and social change are seen as interdependent† (Deitz 2000,372). Feminism contends it is not adequate to simply include women in the world’s political and power systems, as these were designed by and for men and therefore favour a highly masculinised mechanism for responding to issues and require women working within these systems to-do the same (Scott 1988, Moylan 2003). Simply including women is not enough; society must give women’s experiences equal time and consideration, eventually recasting the very meanings of the topics it considers (Scott 1988). Rather, feminism argues women must be engaged in both the system development and decision-making processes that shape our society (Moylan 2003). Consequently, one area where feminism has particularly challenged traditional views is in the area of gender roles. For example, Dominelli and McLeod (1989) examine the way in which social problems are defined, recognising gender as particularly important in understanding client groups, and stress egalitarian relationships between therapists and clients. Gender is also an important consideration of social work due to the patriarchal society that still dominates most of our world. This power framework rests on a basis of hegemonic masculinity (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Connell (1995) created the term ‘hegemonic masculinity’ to describe the valued definition of manhood in a society. He argues that whilst there are multiple possible masculinities in a culture, only one or a few are most valued or considered ideal (Connell 1995). This gender definition is constructed both in relation to femininity and to other, subordinated masculinities, and is used to justify both men’s domination of women, and the hegemonic ally masculine man’s power over other men (Cohn and Weber 1999). Whilst women are increasingly being included in world systems, the systems themselves still were designed for and operate by and for men. Therefore, women who participate within the system must do so from male paradigm, even if it is sometimes at odds with their own preferences for how to go about dealing with a situation (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Feminism historically is a â€Å"critique of male supremacy, the belief that gender order was socially constructed and could not be changed† (Cott1989,205). Masculinity is often defined as what is not feminine, and femininity as what is not masculine, although understanding the dynamics of one requires considering both the workings of the other and the relationship and overlap between the two (Cohn and Enloe 2003). Masculine definitions are often based on strength, domination and violence, whilst feminine on weakness, nurturing, compassion and passitivity (Rabrenovic and Roskos 2001). The result is pressure omen adhering to a hegemonic definition of masculinity to view forms of addressing conflict other than a physical or masculine response as feminine and a threat to their manhood (Moylan 2003). The popular concept of gender holds that masculinity and femininity â€Å"are unchanging expressions based on the chromosomal male and female bodies (Butler 1990). â€Å"Gender is assumed to be ‘hard-wired,’ at least in part† (Hawkesworth 1997). Masculine actions and desires for men and feminine actions and desires for women alone are normal, these masculine and feminine traits are not a matter of choice, and all individuals can be classified as one or the other (Hawkesworth 1997). However, whilst our society men are considered strong and dominant, and women passive and nurturing, â€Å"the meanings of male and female bodies differ from one culture to another, and change (even in our own culture) over time† (Connell 1993, 75). For example, there have been â€Å"periods in Western history when the modern convention that men suppress displays of emotion did not apply at all, when men were effusive to their male friends and demonstrative about their feelings†(Connell 1993, 75). â€Å"Masculinities and felinities are constructed or accomplished in social processes such as child rearing, emotional and sexual relationships, work and politics† (Connell 1993, 75). Feminism, however, contends gender is a constructed by each culture, and as a social practice involves the incorporation of specific symbols, which support or distort human potential (Hawkesworth 1997). Gender is created through â€Å"discursively constrained per formative acts, â€Å"and the repetition of these acts over time creates gender for the individual in society (Butler 1990, x). People learn to â€Å"act† like women or men are supposed to; women are taught to behave in a feminine manner, men are taught to act in a masculine manner. This is often reinforced by authority figures, such as social workers. Barnes (2003)cites a number of studies which find social workers often assume the â€Å"disciplinary gaze† of notions of â€Å"what and how to be woman, â€Å"perpetuating traditional gender roles (149). â€Å"Armed with rigid codes of gender appropriate behaviours, social workers often sought to regulate and mediate women’s interactions with the soci al, economic, and political world† (Barns 2003, 149). Feminism and social work share a number of similarities. Both believe â€Å"in the inherent worth and dignity of all persons, the value of process over product, the appreciation of unity-diversity, the importance of considering the person-in- environment, and a commitment to personal empowerment and active participation in society as a means to bring about meaningful social change† (Barrette 2001, 266-267). Similarly, both feminism and social work address multiple approaches to handling situations, challenging the institutionalized oppression common in manpower structures and supporting â€Å"the reconceptualization and redistribution of that power† (Barrette 2001, 267). It follows that one impact of feminism on social work practise is the consideration of issues from a societal rather than personal perspective. For example, this might include viewing a domestic violence situation not from the perspective that the family is dysfunctional, but from the perspective of the society that created the family. The psychology-based focus of clinical social work â€Å"often leads to individualizing social problems, rather than to viewing themes the result of relations of power, primarily oppression and abuse†(Deitz 2000, 369). As such, individuals experiencing such difficulties are â€Å"taught† that their particular experiences are inappropriate, rather than addressing the systems that created the difficulties in the first place (Deitz 2000, 369). Nominally and McLeod (1989) re-evaluate social work practice from feminist perspective, considering the functions of social work such as therapy, community interaction, and policy making not from pathological standpoint but from one of defined roles endorsed by societal conditions. As such, they contend that working from feminist perspective allows the social worker to address the causes of social issues, rather than the symptoms played out in individual’s lives (Nominally and McLeod 1989). One area of difference in social work practise between those operating from a feminist framework and a traditional framework is the concept of distance. Traditionally, the â€Å"patriarchal bias against relationality and connection† is intended to lead to â€Å"connection without harm, love without power abuse, touching without sexual abuse in psychotherapy†(Deitz 2000, 377). Unfortunately, in practise it often results in â€Å"power over† relationships where those receiving services feel â€Å"less than† those providing them. â€Å"Healing happens when someone feels seen, heard, held, and empowered, not when one is interpreted, held at distance, and pathologies† (Deitz 2000, 377). Deitz (2000) finds that social workers often institutionalize a â€Å"power over† stance from professional training and discourse that constructs the identities of clients as somehow disordered, dysfunctional or impaired. â€Å"Whether between parents and children; physicians and patients; social workers and consumers of services; Whites and Blacks; or heterosexuals and lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered persons, power over relationships give the dominant partners or group the right to define the meanings of subordinates’ experiences (including their resistance)and thus their opportunities for self-affirmation† (Deitz 2000,373).This creates professional relationships that ignore the environmental, historical, and social contexts of the problem, discount people’s strengths and resilience in assessment and intervention, and lead â€Å"to the objectification of people as diagnoses, rather than to empowerment† (Deitz 2000, 370). â€Å"The keys to empowerment in feminist micro practice are reconnection and transformation through political activity; survivors of oppression and abuse experience reconnection through relationships based on mutuality, collaboration, and trustworthiness† (Deitz 2000, 376). Theories from social work, psychology, and particularly developmental psychology describe empowerment as primarily a process, with the personal transformation of the individual becoming empowered at its foundation (Carr 2003, 8). Barriers to empowerment and problems of disenfranchisement caused by powerlessness are primarily political, rather than psychological. Powerlessness is defined as the inability to effectively manage one’s emotions, knowledge, skills, or resources; it is â€Å"derived from the absence of external supports and the existence of ontological â€Å"power blocks† that become incorporated into a person’s development† (Carr 2003, 13). As such, many survivors also work to reconnect to others in their communities, often seeking political activity that â€Å"emphasizes the empowerment of others, such as by organizing Take Back the Night marches or speak-outs, volunteering for crisis hot lines, seeking legislative changes, or becoming social workers or human service professionals† (Deitz 2000, 376). For example, feminist work with abuse survivors â€Å"emphasizes the relationship between abuse and oppressive social relations (Deitz 2000,374). On the other hand, the dominant clinical social work approach to oppression and abuse relocates the problem of oppression in victims. Psychological theories are typically employed, which â€Å"locates pathology in individuals, rather than in oppressive relationships and systems, and considers the long-term effects of oppression to be symptoms of individual pathology† (Deitz 2000, 374). Unfortunately, whilst many social workers have been exposed to or even personally support operating from a feminist framework, the systems in which they work prevent them from actively utilising feminist insight in their daily practise. Research Plan This research seeks to study the prevalence and impact of traditional and feminist practitioner constructs from the perspective of those served. Specifically, a focus group study will be conducted with a group of college students, all of whom are currently studying social work and therefore have some concept regarding social work practice, feminist and traditional worldviews. In addition, all students in the focus group will have experienced domestic violence and have been provided the services of a social worker in some form during their teenage years. Three areas of discussion will be undertaken by the group. These will be provided to individual group participants in writing several days before the group in order for students to have time to consider what they would like to share regarding their opinions and own experiences. The first group activity will involve creating definitions of â€Å"masculine† and â€Å"feminine† from the perspective of a typical social worker based on the students’ teenage experiences. Students will then be asked to discuss where, if at all, they personally feel they and their family members who were involved in the domestic violence situation(s) â€Å"fit† regarding these preconceived definitions. It is anticipated some students will have been uncomfortable with societal constraints they or their family experienced as teenagers. As all are studying social work, they are also anticipated to make more connections between societal power issues, hegemonic gender roles, and their influence on domestic violence than a focus group without such background. The third area of discussion will centre on how the students’ perceptions of their social worker(s) understanding of gender roles influenced their and their families reception of adequate service. The researcher will both tape record and take notes on the group discussions. Data gathered from the group will then be compiled and analysed. In addition, students from the focus group will be given the option to write a response to the group activity, if they so desire. These will be further included in the group data. Methodology Data collection involved four means. Prior to the group starting, each participant was given a questionnaire (see Appendix 3) to gather basic demographic information. The questionnaire also asked for brief summary of their abusive situation. Regarding data collection of the group proceedings, as described above the focus group session was tape-recorded and the researcher took notes to supplement the recording of group discussion. The recorded sessions were then transcribed into print form, with research notes added in at the chronologically appropriate points of the transcription to provide a more complete written overview of the focus group discussion. In addition, group participants had an option to write a response the group to be included in the group data. Four participants wrote responses, which were considered with the group data following analysis of the focus group discussion. Participants were provided with the three areas of group discussion several days prior to the actual focus group meeting. They were not given any directions or guidance regarding the optional written responses to the group activity. Data analysis first involved dividing and coding group data. Responses to the first topic of discussion were divided into three categories: those representing a traditional worldview, those representing feminist worldview, and those that did not clearly represent either worldview. From these groupings, overall findings regarding the worldviews typically experienced by the group participants were summarised. This was then further compared with the definitions of traditional gender roles identified by the group. Data from the second topic of discussion were also broken down into those representing a traditional worldview, those representing feminist worldview, and those that did not clearly represent either worldview. It was important to then note participant perceptions and emotional responses to these coding, and in which worldview grouping they and their families were reported to feel best served and empowered. Data from the specific discussion regarding service were then similarly analysed, and combined with previous findings to present a picture of the impact of traditional versus feminist worldviews on social work practise, emphasising work with teenage domestic violence survivors and their understanding of gender roles in society. It was anticipated at the conclusion of such research, a view could be asserted as to whether feminist perspective has a significant impact on the practise of social work as it is currently undertaken and whether this impact, if any, leads to improved service. As the focus group involved a relatively small number of participants(nine total) and data from their interactions were primarily qualitative in nature, it was decided not to perform any complex statistical analysis on focus group data. It was felt that such types of analysis would neither reveal findings that could be considered statistically significant nor provide a more accurate understanding of the issues under consideration than a more qualitative analytical approach. In consideration of space and relevance portions of the discussion were used to support conclusions in the findings and analysis sections of this dissertation, whilst an overall summary of the most relevant portions of the discussion are included in Appendix2. Implementation Project Nine students meeting the criteria laid out in the research plan agreed to participate in the focus group. They were primarily organised by one group participant, who had discovered other domestic violence survivors through classroom discussions and through participation in a survivors’ group in the local community. All nine students were currently studying social work or had taken at least one social work course as part of a related course of study, such as education or criminal justice. There were six women and three men, ranging in age from nineteen to twenty-seven. Racially, seven were Caucasian, one was Black, and one was Asian. All present as coming from upper working class to middle class backgrounds. All had experienced domestic violence as teenagers, making their experiences fairly recent and therefore providing a relatively current depiction of social work practise. Five students (three women, two men) had been removed from their biological parents at some point during their teenage years. All had been involved in interventions into the family by a social worker representing either a government organisation, or in the case of one woman, a local church. Some of the participants previously knew each other and were somewhat aware of each other’s experiences, which should be considered in group analysis. Five regularly participated in a survivors’ support group in the community. One man and one woman were cousins. In addition, two of the men had known each other as teenagers from intervention through the school system. Jennifer, a twenty-four year-old Caucasian woman, was chosen to be the moderator, as she had been the one who had assisted the researcher by arranging for most of the participants to become involved in the study. The group then moved almost immediately into discussion of the topics provided. The group had been provided a whiteboard for its use, which Jennifer implemented to organise individual comments and ideas. It is surmised that the easy manner with which the group undertook the discussion was based on the fact that they were all students and therefore used to having study groups, group discussions, and the like, and that all of them had at least publicly shared their experiences previously, either as part of a classroom discussion or survivors ‘group, or both, and were therefore more comfortable in engaging in such discussion than might be typical for a focus group dealing with such experiences. Findings and Analysis The first finding of this research is that the majority of social workers in service or domestic violence survivors to not consistently employ feminist constructs in practise, despite the likelihood of having been exposed to such constructs. This manifested itself in three significant ways. First, families were overwhelming dealt with as individuals with problems. That is, the abuser was described as making poor choices or having some type of pathological issues that led to his or her decision to abuse (in one participant’s family, both parents were abusive). As such, the abuser was described from psychoanalytical standpoint by the social worker(s), and his or her behaviour labelled as individually deviant. The survivors of the domestic violence situations, particularly them others, as the majority of abusers from the groups’ experiences were male family members or boyfriends of the mother, were also reported tube consistently dealt with from an individual perspective. In this sense, their behaviour was also reported to be categorised by the social workers involved as unhealthy, pathological, and coming from some sort of unresolved personal issues, such as low self-esteem. In the case of only one participant did the social workers involved in either intervention or therapy consistently relate the domestic violence situation to broader issues of oppression, societal power structures and the related hegemonic gender roles, or patriarchal norms of society. It is of note that this participant received service from progressive women-helping-women organisation, rather than a traditional government-organised social work programme. Group participants also repeatedly described their family situations as unhealthy, and they certainly were, but from the perspective that both the abuser and abused were reacting or displaying emotion inappropriately, rather than that the motivation or norming behind the behaviour was at fault. For example, Trent described his mother as drawn to violent, alcoholic men. â€Å"She always seemed to go for these guys that didn’t know how to express anything except by breaking stuff, yelling, hitting, you know.† His further descriptions of his mother’s ‘boyfriends indicated an assumption that if these men had been raised with or taught proper means of dealing with their frustrations and emotions, the abuse to him and his mother would have been lessened or eliminated. This idea was supported by at least one social worker, who suggested counselling for Trent, his mother, and the then boyfriend as one possible way of addressing the abusive situation. Several participants did bring feminist theory and thought into group discussion, pointing out, for example, that dominance or aggression by men in any form was unhealthy, and questioning why it was only seen as unhealthy by most of the social workers they had encountered, and bothers they knew in the community, when physical violence was actually involved. There was a related discussion, albeit brief, about the unwillingness of neighbours, relatives, and others in the community, such as members of the same church, to intervene in the domestic violence situation. Participants indicated their perception that whilst this was often due to a fear of getting involved or knowing how to help the situation, there were repeated occurrences in everyone’s experience where an unwillingness to intervene derived from others’ implications that the man of the house had some right to choose the way in which the household operated, or that he had a right to discipline his wife /girlfriend and children as he saw fit. Wendy reports hearing an aunt state â€Å"Well, it’s his family, their kids, she wants to stay with him, â€Å"and dismiss the on-going violence as therefore an acceptable family lifestyle, or at least one in which none of the rest of the family should be expected to intervene. Participants then acknowledged this and several other systemic situations that perpetuated their abuse, such as reluctance of authority figures to continue questioning when initially told nothing was wrong, and unwillingness of police to intervene repeatedly. Similarly, regarding gender roles, discussion indicated a belief by most participants that their social workers believed a traditional stereotype of what was appropriate behaviour for a man and a woman, and that these behaviours were different. There were reports of acceptance of physical response as an appropriate masculine reaction, but the level of physical response not being considered appropriate. Male participants were encouraged to talk about their experiences, but report never being given permission to express fear, or an emotional response such as crying. One male participant reported starting to cry as part of a group experience, and being discouraged rather than encouraged to continue, whilst female members of the group were allowed to and even supported in such emotional expression. There were similar reports of various hegemonic ally feminine expressions, such as crying, fear, and nurturing behaviours, being supported and encouraged by social workers for male family members but not female, as well as an acceptance or assumption of weakness on the part of adult females who chose to remain in an abusive situation. The discussion then moved to the effect of traditional and feminist perspective on social work service. Participants overwhelmingly reported feeling better served when social workers sought to empower them and their families. This did usually involve practise of methods derived from a feminist view, such as the use of reflective journaling and support groups, as well as encouragement from the social workers tithe mother that she could, indeed, survive and prosper outside the domestic violence situation, that she did have the inner reserves to address the situation and move to a healthier lifestyle, and that societal pressure to be with a man, either as a romantic partner or as a father / father-figure for children was not necessary for successful life. Participants also report feeling personally empowered by such encouragement, and therefore able to support their mothers in attempts to leave relationships. From their own study in social work theory, focus group participants were able to briefly discuss the ramifications of the patriarchal societal power structure on a woman’s decision to stay in a violent situation. One issue brought up included the perception that society will view a woman as a failure and undesirable if she does not have aromatic relationship with a man in her life. A number of women participants in the group reported feeling similar pressure to maintain romantic relationship with a man in their life, regardless of their other commitments or interests, and an expectation that they would not be successful women if they did not ultimately get married and have children. When questioned by other participants, the three male participants reported not feeling such pressures. Another issue raised was the mothers’ perception that they needed a father figure to successfully raise children, particularly boys. This was perpetuated in the life experiences of group participants even though the men occupying these roles were viewed by the male participants as destructive, rather than constructive, influences. Issues of supporting disciplining children and managing household operations were also indicated, as was the financial support provided by the bitterer. The group indicated all these issues were societal, rather than individual, and lack of addressing of them affected the effectiveness of the social services they had received. Overall, the participants were generally positive about at least one social worker with whom they had a relationship during their teenage years. Participants typically felt feeling most encouraged and best served by those social workers who did not present themselves as being distant or above the participants and their families, and who did not overly emphasise their family’s issues from a perspective of individual dysfunction. These findings indicated that a feminist interactive construct, which avoids â€Å"power over† methods and practise is perceived to be most effective by domestic violence survivors. Recommendations It is recommended from findings of this study that social workers are first provided greater exposure to and training in feminist methods and theory as it relates to their practical, day-to-day practise. For example, all participants reported some positive experiences in response to reflective methods such as reflective journaling and survivor support groups. Considerations of ways to more greatly include such methods in typical practise are therefore indicated. Of greater concern are the systems in which social workers operate. Whilst most of the social workers in these focus group participants ‘experiences had some familiarity with feminist theory or methods, as indicated by their emphasis on empowerment or use of specific strategies, there is something within the government-sponsored social services structure that prohibits practise truly based on feminist tenets. A sharp contrast was provided by the young woman served at a progressive, private service, where feminist theory was the obvious framework on which service was based. She was by far the most positive about her experiences and workers, and reported insights, understanding and empowerment to change not consistently reported by other focus group participants. It therefore recommended that more research be pursued as to what factors